Human Rights Of The Middle East Essay - 2143 Words

After the Arab Spring movements in the Middle East, which embodied people’s demands for more democratic governance, overthrew the leaders of Tunisia and Egypt, the revolt, in 2011, eventually reached Libya where the central leader, Muammar Gaddafi, had exercised 42 years of dictatorship. Such movements inevitably led to the suppression from the central government and Gaddafi launched a full-scale campaign in cracking down the opposition. The crackdown eventually attracted international anxiety when sufficient evidence suggested that Gaddafi was planning a massacre of civilians in Benghazi. Therefore, in response to such predicted human rights disaster, the international community intervened in Libya for the universal cause of protecting human rights. And of course, human rights protection has always been a fundamental principle for American leadership and such intervention certainly manifested America’s resolution to promote human rights abroad, although there was time when the Untied States failed to embrace human rights. However, the disparity in policies and other national interests among the western countries (especially, France, the U.K. and the U.S.), the ignorance of the role played by the local Islamic extremists and the failures to stick to the UNSC resolution 1973 and explore political alternatives eventually led to the turmoil in current Libya. In fact, the political concept or mechanism for human rights intervention had already been discussed and establishedShow MoreRelatedIslam Law and Human Rights in the Middle East1869 Words   |  8 Pages13) among others (Zubaida, 2002: 7). Despite powers afforded to the Ministry by Law 32, unions and professional syndicates are the height of public life in Egypt. Most notably, the lawyers’ syndicate has been at the forefront of the campaign for human rights and the rule of law. As Eddin Ibrahim mentions above, representation of workers at a public level are a necessary component of civil society. Indeed, the Egyptian unions are the drivers of formal representation on boards and for communication betweenRead MoreShirin Ebadi: The fight for Human Rights in the Middle East2485 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿The fight for human rights has been a lengthy struggle around the world. Many people in the Islamic state of Iran, particularly women and children, have suffered through a life long battle of the government limiting their natural rights, such as freedom and equality, due to religious traditions colliding with the state. Shirin Ebadi, an Iranian lawyer and activist who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003, is a courageous, kind-hearted woman who was determined to help the people of her countryRead MoreUnderstandings and Approaches to Human Trafficking in the Middle East 1496 Words   |  6 Pagesreported the Middle East to be the primary destination for trafficking victims, as they calculated that there are around 600,000 forced labour victims within the region to date (13). This seemingly widespread issue of human trafficking within the Middle East has been subject to significant media coverage and global debate. There are three major elements at the centre of this debate: issues around the interpretations of the widely accepted UN’s Palermo Protocol’s definition of human trafficking, concernsRead MoreThe War on Terror and the aAbuse of Human Rights Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pageswhile the third was aimed at the pentagon. Because of this for the last decade the United States, among other countries, has fought a war on terror around the world that has resulted in new laws and policies that have drastically taken away the rights of human beings both in foreign countries and domestically. The war on terror has changed the lives of millions of people around the world irreparably. This war did not just start over night however, there were plenty of signs that led up to the warRead MoreThe Eyes Of The Modern World Have Long Borne Witness To1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the Middle East. In countries like Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Libya citizens are not so fortunate as to call themselves the witnesses of this turmoil, but they are in fact the victims. Middle Easterners have long been the victims of corrupt systems of government and have endured the civil oppression forced upon them by these governments. In 2010 Middle Easterners began to collectively take a stand against this oppression. Widespread demonstrations and protests began in the middle of DecemberRead MoreWomen Of The Middle East937 Words   |  4 PagesThe women in the Middle East is less fortunate than any other women around the world. They was not giving the fair opportunity to develop their rights in t he home, workplace or even have the opportunity to voice their opinion in politics (Elizabeth, 2010). Being a woman in the Middle East has always been one of the hardest things to endure starting as a child from punishment all the way down to adultery. There laws are one of a kind that has a wide range from the Islamic laws also known as the ShariaRead MoreMiddle Eastern Women Rights in Islamic Society1419 Words   |  6 PagesWomen Rights of the Middle East â€Å"Life is full of unhappiness and most of it caused by women (Harik and Marston 11)†. For women in the Middle East life is faced with great and unequal odds, as their human rights are limited, due to Islamic beliefs and that of patriarchy. From their daily actions at home to their physical appearance, Middle Eastern women are portrayed as quiet, faceless women veiled from head to toe. While this image is just another stereotype, women in the middle do face many obstaclesRead MoreBeruit to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman Essay1526 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Friedman The ongoing problems of the Middle East are complex and difficult to understand. In Beirut to Jerusalem Thomas Friedman uses the different tools to assess the state of affairs in the Middle East. Friedman uses the social sciences to analysis the situation that he observed when he was in Beirut writing for The New York Times. Being that Friedman is Jewish I rode off the book as a one-sided view of the happenings in the Middle East. What I found was quite the opposite; FriedmanRead MoreEssay On The Us Go To War1746 Words   |  7 Pagespower by making more power via the realism strategies for survival in terms of power balancing, â€Å"blackmail† and economic power, but also run the liberalism expect of population by helping and protecting humans’ life , so that tides and gains the relationship with many important partners in Middle East. Moreover, Iraqi invasion via the US identity is also a factor that make it go to war in the Gulf. In realism view, according to Mearsheimer, â€Å"how to survive in a world where there is no agency to protectRead MoreArab Human Rights1051 Words   |  5 PagesPart1 Background of Defending Human Righs of Minorites in the Middle East The Middle East countries have a long standing reputation for the oppressing the minority group within their regions. They have governed their citizens through a tyrannical government, which forbids their citizens with any basic human rights, such as political freedoms of expression, free speech to protest, religious freedom and due process of the law. According to Arab Human Development Report, the Arab countries have received

Leadership Theories Of Leadership And Management - 2944 Words

Leadership Phenomenon Dierdra M. Coleman Managerial Leadership Dr. Tyron A. Woodard October 12 2012 Leadership Phenomenon To truly understand leadership and management a person has to understand what is the core of management. Henri Fayol was the most famous theorist to define functions of management and there principles of management. He recognized these functions and principles as universal and that each of these applied to each manager in the daily functions. Division of Work: Fayol believed specialization according to a person’s skills and abilities to be the best way to utilize human resources at any organization. He believed that work should be divided among the workers to make sure that each of them are doing what they excel at, and to ensure that attention and effort of the workers remain focused on their special tasks. Authority: Authority according to Fayol is the right of the manager to delegate orders and the power to give them instructions. Authority and responsibility are closely associated concepts, and he also believed that responsibility and accountability comes naturally with au thority. Discipline: Any organization requires common efforts of the workers to succeed. Discipline is maintain good behaviors in workers, and to charge penalties in case of violation against common effort. Unity of command: This means that there should be one manager through which workers should receive orders and it keeps a uniform system in the management. UnityShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theory Of Leadership And Management1341 Words   |  6 PagesZohrab Mammadov Dr. Betty Rottmann Leadership Theory January 30, 2014 Leadership vs Management Introduction: Leadership - concept has multiple meanings. It can be used in various activity where means something concrete. In a control system, in management leadership possesses a special role. Management in market economy is a management for the purpose of achievement of the highest efficiency of the organization, satisfaction of consumers, receiving the maximum profit. Respectively, each organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership And Management884 Words   |  4 Pagesliterature on the subject of leadership. Books and programs taken from the theories and practices of coaches, athletes, chief executives, and even Charles Shultz s animated character, Snoopy are abundant in every bookstore and coffee shop in America. While leadership is not a new concept, it is certainly being promoted as an essential factor in our business cultures and personal lives. This analysis of leadership takes a look at some of the classical models and theories and compares them to contemporaryRead MoreThe Theories Of Leadership And Management3151 Words   |  13 Pagesstudy the concepts and theories related to management and leadership so I can properly make the notes that would help in proper discussion with the mentor. For this reason I studied different articles and make notes that consist of: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT In this report I will discuss the four leadership theories that include leader-member exchange theory, path-goal theory, transactional-transformational theory and the full- range leadership theory. (UK essays. NovemberRead MoreTheories of Leadership and Management992 Words   |  4 Pagesup with Situational Leadership. Ken Blanchard is an author and expert in the management field. They are both management experts and argue that situations like this happen due to the fact that those placed in leadership positions do not always match their personal leading styles with the needs of the people they are to lead. Blanchard is best known for his book â€Å"The One Minute Manager†, which has sold more than 13 million copies. Together Paul and Ken published â€Å"Management of Organization Behavior†Read MoreThe Theory Of Leadership And Management1531 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of leadership theories. Through our class readings, I have discovered the good and bad of leadership and management along with a clear understanding of the relationship between leaders and their followers. One thing that I found very interesting was the breakdown of the different types of followers and although I thought I had pretty good leadership skills I have gained a lot of knowledge to enhance my ability to lead. As our final paper, we have been asked to select a book on leadership and connectRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership And Management1981 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Nowadays, with the development of globalization and commercialization, the contemporary business environment becomes more and more complex, chaotic, and dynamic and interactional. Therefore, some leadership and management scholars suggested that some of the conventional approaches to leadership might be ill suited to the current business environment and organizations. In fact, in the early 1990s, some organization leaders had realized that finding a new way to manage their organizations is crucialRead MoreThe Theory Of Leadership And Management1751 Words   |  8 PagesUp to this time, there are a lot who mix-up between the concepts of leadership and management interchangeably. Furthermore, some may regard and consider the manager as a leader and conversely leader as a manager. This equivocation has along and illustrious history in leadership studies as it’s a concept has accompanied humanity since the ancient time. Beside the concept of management has been nearly created a few decades ago, which encouraged scientists permanent research and thinking of the importanceRead MoreThe Theories Of Leadership And Management3151 Words   |  13 Pagesthe concepts and theories related to management and leadership so I can properly make the notes that would help in proper discussion with the mentor. For this reason I studied different articles and make notes that consist of: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPTS OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT In this report I will discuss the four leadership theories that include leader-member exchange theory, path-goal theory, transactional-transformational theory and the full- range leadership theory. (UK essays. NovemberRead MoreManagement Theories And Organizational Leadership2751 Words   |  12 Pagesdiscuss how management theories is used to help managers achieve good organisational leadership and teach them what attributes they should possess to obtain this. Furthermore, will be discussing what may be considered bad or good practice of organisational leadership. This will be done by analysing different management theories defined as â€Å"A collection of ideas which set forth general rules on how to manage a business or organization.† (BusinessDictionary.com, n.d.)Management theories speaks aboutRead MoreLeadership And Management Theory Of Nursing989 Words   |  4 PagesThere are different styles of leadership and my style inclines heavily toward what is called participative/democratic. My leadership style tends to bring people together so that we all come to a majority agreement of how best to meet the goals at hand. I work in an emergency room and the challenge s of nursing in this work setting are to achieve organized chaos. I will describe in this paper what leadership and management theories align with my style of leadership. I will also describe three key

Coun 711 biblical word study free essay sample

Abstract This paper explores the Bible by thoroughly examining three words related to counseling and three words related to addiction. In addition, general biblical usage of the words are discussed and as the meaning and where the words are found in the Bible. Specifically, the words are explored in the Old Testament and New Testament. Finally, core biblical themes and personal views are explored. Biblical Word Study There are many themes and specific words in the Bible that can be applied to counseling and addiction. This Word Study is an in-depth exploration into 3 specific counseling-related words in addition to the exploration of 3 addiction-related words. By discovering, where and how the words were used in the Old and New Testaments, I was able to decipher how the meanings changed over times and their sometimes diverse definitions. Biblical Words Related to Counseling Counsel The specific word, counsel, appears in the Bible 275 times and 8 different words in Hebrew that translate to counsel (Bible. com). In scripture the advice meaning of counsel is used in Jdg 20:7 as â€Å"Behold, all you sons of Israel, give your advice and counsel here,† (NASB). In this case, the Israelites were supposed to speak up and decide what they wanted to do. Although typically advise and counsel are used in a positive contex, 2 Chronicles 22:3 shows that when the Ahazia is speaking the scripture declares â€Å"He followed in the footsteps of Ahab’s dynasty, for his mother gave him evil advice,† (NET). In addition, counsel is also used as verb and typically associated with the military. In 2 Samual 15:12, Absalom was seeking advice and â€Å"sent for Ahtithopel the Gilonite, David’s counselor,† (NASB). In Numbers 31:16 counsel is used in the scripture â€Å"Behold, these caused the sons of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to trespass against the Lord in the mater of Peor, so the plague was among the congregation of the lord,† (NASB). In this case, the meaning of counsel is speech, or the word and does not necessarily mean advice like the English definition. New Testament Usage of Counsel The word counsel appears less frequently in the New Testament, but is used in similar ways. Of the 3 different Greek words used to translate, the most commonly used word is boule. The word boule comes from a word meaning â€Å"a will† (Vine, 2005). In addition, it can mean a plan, purpose, and decide. When Joseph of Arimathea saw the murder of Christ, he went to Pilot to acquire the burial rights of his Lord because he â€Å"had not consented to the counsel and the deed,† (Luke 23:51 NASB) of the religious leaders involved. In other scriptures boule is used as the counsel of God in Luke 7:30 where â€Å"But the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized of him,† (NIV). It is also similarly used in Acts 2:23 saying, â€Å"He was delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God,† (KJV). Wisdom Wisdom appears 234 times in 222 verses in the King James Version (blueletterbible.org). Wisdom and its variations are used verbs and adjectives and represented by several different Hebrew words. The most common Hebrew word that is used and translated into English is chakam. Chakam can be defined as to be wise, to become wise, act wisely, teach wisdom, instruct, and to deceive (blueletterbible.org). Old Testament Usage of Wisdom For example, in Exodus 1:10, the context of wisdom is used in the oppression by the new pharaoh: â€Å"Come, let us deal wisely with them, or else they will multiply and in the event of war, they will also join themselves to those who hate us, and fight against us and depart from the land,† (NASB). Also in regards to wisdom, the Greek word â€Å"tem† is used as inner man, mind, will heart, and understanding (blueletterbible.org). In scripture, tem is used by addressing the skilled tabernacle workmen in Exodus 35:10, â€Å"And every wise hearted among you shall come, and make all that the LORD hath commanded,† (NASB). New Testament Usage of Wisdom In the New Testament, words like wisdom and wisely are translated from the Greek word â€Å"phronimos† (blueletterbible.org). It is translated to mean prudent, sensible, and wise (Vine, 2006). In Luke 1:17, phronimos is used when the angel says â€Å"And he shall go before him in the spirit and power of Elias, to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord,† (NKJ). Throughout the New Testament, it appears that wisdom is mostly referred to as something gained through life experiences or experiences from God. It seems to also be implied that wisdom is the best in old age. Help The word help appears 147 times in 140 verses in the New American Standard Bible (blueletterbible.org). In Hebrew, the word yÄ•shuw`ah, appears the most frequently in correspondence with verses about help. It used approximately 78 times in the Old Testament. The outline of biblical usage shows that salvation, deliverance, welfare, prosperity, deliverance, salvation, and victory are all possible usages of yÄ•shuw`ah. Old Testament Usage of Help The usage of help is present in Isaiah 49:8 when the servant of the Lord says â€Å"In a favorable time I have answered You, And in a day of salvation I have helped You; And I will keep You and give You for a covenant of the people, To restore the land, to make them inherit the desolate heritages,† (NASB). Help is also referred to in a military sense requesting parternship and assistance in a time of war. This is specifically used in the book Joshua declaring â€Å"Therefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent word to Hoham king of Hebron and to Piram king of Jarmuth and to Japhia king of Lachish and to Debir king of Eglon, saying, Come up to me and help me, and let us attack Gibeon, for it has made peace with Joshua and with the sons of Israel, (NASB). New Testament Usage of Help The Greek word parakleÌ„tos translates into the English comforter, helper, or advocate (blueletterbible.org). In the Gospel of John, it is referenced that a helper would come after Jesus’ resurrection. Specifically, this reference is used in John 14:16, 26 with the scripture stating â€Å"And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another helper, that he may abide with you for ever;. But the comforter/advocate the spirit the holy, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you,† (NASB). The helper that is referenced in the book of John is essentially represents the spirit of truth sent from the Father. Wine The word wine in the Bible appears 262 times and in 237 verses in the New American Standard Bible (blueletterbible.org). There are several different words used for alcoholic beverage in Hebrew and at least 5 in Greek. Depending on the verse read, wine might be viewed as a blessing from God or beverage that can ben sinfully abused. Old Testament Usage of Wine In Proverbs 23:20, drunkenness is viewed in the scripture stating Do not join those who drink too much wine or gorge themselves on meat, for drunkards and gluttons become poor, and drowsiness clothes them in rags,† (NASB). Similarly, in Isaiah 5:11, it is a sin to partake in drinking without respecting and thanking the Lord stating â€Å"Woe to those who rise early in the morning to run after their drinks, who stay up late at night till they are inflamed with wine. They have harps and lyres at their banquets, tambourines and flutes and wine, but they have no regard for the deeds of the LORD, no respect for the work of his hands,† (NASB). New Testament Usage of Wine In the New Testament, it is common for wine to be used as medicine. This is evident in Luke 10:34 when â€Å" He went to him and bandaged his wounds, having poured oil and wine on them. Then he put him on his own animal, brought him to an inn, and took care of him (NRSV)†. In addition, wine was used a stomach soother that one could easily administer to themselves. This concept appears in Timothy 5:23 stating â€Å"No longer drink only water, but take a little wine for the sake of your stomach and your frequent ailments. (NRSV) Desire The Bible defines desire in a limited amount of ways. First, the Hebrew word avah, is used as incline, covet, wait longingly, wish, sigh, want, be greedy, and prefer (blueletterbible.org). Second, the Hebrew word P’al can be used in place of to ask, request, desire, pray, make petition, and to seek. God instilled desires in humans for endeavors, triumphs, and the pleasures He has gifted. However, some desires are destructive, and the Bible usually calls lusts. These desires are often shown as cravings for satisfaction of the physical appetites as in food, alcohol, sex, money, and pleasure. Old Testament Usage of Desire After Adam and Eve’s creation, God put them in Eden and told them of their responsibilities. In Eden, God purposefully let them be exposed to desires and temptations of Satan. Desire is recognized, the fall of man, in Genesis 3:6 â€Å"When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was desirable to make one wise, she took from its fruit and ate; and she gave also to her husband with her, and he ate (NASB) In addition, Satan is referenced again by desire in Genesis 4:7, the Lord says to Cain, â€Å"If you do well, will not your countenance be lifted up? And if you do not do well, sin is crouching at the door; and its desire is for you, but you must master it.† (NASB). New Testament Usage of Desire Desire in the New Testament is represented in James 4:1-3. Although James does not give specific examples of desires in regards to what is causing the fights amongst Christians, it could represent a number of desires. In this case, desire could represent the desire to have one’s own way, desire for status, desire to make one look good, or the desire to get even. The desires are different and diverse but all derive from Satan. Restraint Restraint is derived from the Hebrew word ma`tsowr and can also mean hindrance, (blueletterbible.org). Similarly, self-control is the restraint over one’s emotions, actions, impulses, and desires. Self-control is a theme in the Bible and used frequently throughout. Old Testament Usage of Restraint In Proverbs 25:28, restraint is a theme by declaring, â€Å"like a city that is broken into and without walls is a man who has no control over his spirit,† (NASB). If a man has no self-control over his emotions or his will, he is defenseless. Self-control is essential for success and also plays a key role in forms of recovery. Core Biblical Themes The core biblical themes in this word study were primarily temptation, self-control, and faith. Temptation ranged from the Old Testament and the New Testament, but represented the same thing: Satan. Satan is everywhere and is often masked by desires and temptations. It takes self-control and restraint to overcome the temptation, which, can only be done with faith. The word study counseling related words and addiction related words all tired into to each other nicely. Perhaps the most parallels were between desire and restraint. When one ignores restraint and self-discipline, they yield to their occasionally selfish desires. Fortunately, scripture is there to warn and guide those struggling with urges and lead them to a more righteous path. Personally, this was the most challenging assignment of my counseling career. Although most of the assignments I do at Liberty are related to the Bible, I have never done one quite as intense as this one. I learned more than I anticipated through this assignment and also made many connections between addiction and the Bible. I now know specifically where to turn to in the Bible when I reference addiction for my future clients. This word study also shed light on topics where I was unsure of the Bible’s stance. For instance, I learned a great deal of the specifics on the Bible’s take on alcohol. Everything that I gained in this assignment will help me in the future with clients.

Just Say No free essay sample

The pen sits to the left of me and the document front and center. This is my decision. My life. My future. I look to my right, seeing another student quickly scribble her signature and continue to twirl her gum with her index finger. I peer to my left, a male student makes the loser symbol to his friend across the room with his right hand. I come back to the paper and reread the page: â€Å"Write a pledge to yourself about your drug and alcohol free lifestyle.† Seventh grade guidance class. What should I say to myself? Picking up the pen, my hand moves on the paper, writing words which seem to flow easily from my mind to the page. Once the page is complete, my hand scribbles the signature of Sally Marie Losinske. The page takes a toll on me, causing a gasp from my body. Following this contract will either make or break my life. We will write a custom essay sample on Just Say No or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Entering high school, peer pressure was ubiquitous. Trusting my judgment, I left the friends who involved themselves in the rounds of Vodka shots on Friday nights. I steered clear of drug use behind the school walls during free periods. Though people barely worry about grade school goals, mine are a consist reminder. Looking towards the future, I will maintain my goals of a free lifestyle. The results from my grades, accomplishments, and honors show the impact positive decisions have had on my career in high school and life. Living up to my dreams means following the contract of seventh grade.

Scoliosis essays

Scoliosis essays Scoliosis is a other way to say crooked and is often referred as an s-shaped side or curve in the spine. Everybody has heard of Scoliosis at one time becuase of school or you know someone how has it. My cousin Jackie Walling had it. There are realativly fours types of scoliosis. Congenital present at birth, Scoliosis due to nueromuscular caused by polio, Idiopathic occurs in adolescence and is mostly mild, Postural caused by postural. My cousin had Idiopathic scoliosis when she was nine. The most common type of scoliosis is idiopathic (meaning unknow). The spinal column twists and rotates creating an uneven shoulder and rib hump. This can lead to discomfort and even breathing problems as the heart and lungs become compressed. The cause of scoliosis is not yet and is to believed to happen in girls more then boys. Scoliosis is not preventable but early detection can increase the chance of a successful treatment. Ways to detect scoliosis are very easy , just look for uneven shoulders, prominet shoulder blades, uneven waist, and hips, leaning towards one side. My cousin had gotten a bug bite on her back and when she bent over her parents noticed the she was leaning sideways. There is also a simple test involving touching your toes which will also show a rasied hump on your back. Scoliosis is a multi-faceted diease, affecting the body in many areas. In the infantile stages, a very mild rotation occurs and is often over looked by doctors. As the condition progresses, symptoms of shoulder unleveling, waitline discrepansices. Treatment should begin right away other wise it will lead to more painful adult scoliosis. The most popular way is to ware a brase on your back to help the back fix itself, my cousin did not ware the brace. Massage therapy does not really help the condition of scoliosis but does relieves muscular pain on a symptomatic basis. The most popular way as of right now for help is surgery, which...

A Guide to Nouns

A Guide to Nouns A Guide to Nouns A Guide to Nouns By Mark Nichol A noun was traditionally described as â€Å"a person, place, or thing,† but some definitions further specify what can constitute a thing, including an action, an idea, a quality, or a state of existence. This post discusses types of nouns and other issues related to nouns. Classes of Nouns Abstract and Concrete Nouns Abstract nouns are those that refer to concepts or ideas, such as justice or evolution. By contrast, concrete nouns represent physical entities that can be observed by one or more senses; examples include apple, dog, and house. Some nouns have both abstract and concrete meanings- for example, a pillar is a column that serves as a commemorative object or a structural support, but by extension, the word refers to a figurative concept related to the latter sense: a principle, for example, that is part of the identity of an organization. (In addition, a person may be referred to as a pillar of the community, but although person is concrete, the person does not literally provide structural support for an edifice.) Collective Nouns A collective noun is one that, despite the lack of plural inflection, refers to a group (as in the case of committee) or to an entity consisting of multiple members (for example, government or police). In American English, such terms take a singular verb form unless the emphasis is clearly on the constituents of the collective, as in â€Å"The staff were pleased to hear about the new workplace policy,† though many writers (and editors) are more comfortable with a revision that more explicitly focuses on the individuals, such as â€Å"Members of the staff were pleased to hear about the new workplace policy.† Compound Noun A compound noun is one that consists of two or more words. Compound nouns may be closed (warlord), hyphenated (mind-set), or open (â€Å"post office†). Generally, a compound of more than two words is hyphenated, as in jack-in-the box, but a proper name consisting of more than two words is almost always open (â€Å"Royal Canadian Mounted Police†). Countable and Mass Nouns Countable nouns are those that may take an indefinite article (a or an) or a plural form, or be combined with a numeral (such as three) or a counting quantifier (such as several). Countable nouns include car, finger, and event. Mass, or uncountable, nouns, are those that do not have these properties, such as blood, equipment, and information. Many nouns have senses as both countable and mass nouns. For example, rain is an uncountable phenomenon, but one can refer to a succession of rains. Proper Nouns A proper noun is one that denotes a unique entity, such as a specific person (John), place (Earth), or thing (iPhone). Writers frequently err in capitalizing generic descriptions thought to be specific. For example, a person might be described as â€Å"a Marketing Director†; though the person does in fact hold that job title, it is not unique to that person (although it is capitalized as part of the entity description â€Å"Marketing Director John Smith,† which is unique). Similarly, one might be said to have â€Å"earned a Master’s Degree†; although the diploma that documents conferring of the degree is unique, a degree demonstrating mastery of a particular academic discipline is distributed to numerous people, and thus the word is generic. In addition, words that, as part of a specific appellation, are capitalized are sometimes erroneously capitalized in isolation, as in â€Å"the Committee.† This style is common in content published by institutions and organizations (and sometimes codified in their house style guides) that refers in shorthand to a particular committee, and it is a tradition in legal text, but in most other contexts it is considered an error. Considerations About Nouns Nominalization and Conversion Avoid the jargonistic overuse of noun forms of verbs in place of the verbs themselves, itself known jargonistically as nominalization, to make sentences more concise, direct, and accessible. (For example, â€Å"effect a transposition† is easily replaced by transpose.) A related issue is conversion, by which a verb becomes a noun (as in the use of take in â€Å"We filmed the scene in one take† or â€Å"What’s your take on that?†). Many conversions are unobjectionable in isolation, but take care not to let them overwhelm your prose. Noun Plagues One obstacle to clarity, prevalent in business content, is the use of multiple nouns as adjectives describing a terminal noun, as in â€Å"The topic of the webinar is compliance risk management program governance.† Avoid such strings of nouns-cum-adjectives before a noun, which many people may read haltingly because even if they are familiar with the terms that constitute the phrase, they will not know until they reach the actual noun that they have come to the end of it. Revise the phrase to reflect a more relaxed syntax so that it can be read with relative lack of effort: â€Å"The topic of the webinar is governance of programs pertaining to compliance risk management.† Plural Forms English is maddeningly inconsistent, especially in forming plurals. For example, the plural of avocado is avocados (avocadoes is a variant), while tomato is rendered tomatoes in its plural form. (These words derive from the same language, Nahuatl, and as in the case of the name of the language, the ending sound of both native words is l, but they took different paths through Spanish.) Other problematic words include those ending in y and some words adopted from Greek and Latin; for example, plural endings for some Latin words (such as antenna and index) vary depending on sense. Another complicating category is compound nouns (such as fathers-in-law). When in doubt, consult a dictionary. (And, to be safe, when not in doubt, consult a dictionary.) Other types of nouns that may require writers to consult with a dictionary (or a style guide) so that plural forms are correctly rendered include plurals of proper nouns and for abbreviations, letters, and numerals. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! 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The Reglatory & Econ Envirnmnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Reglatory & Econ Envirnmnt - Essay Example Gist includes supply chain services and management mainly in the UK (Lines of Business online). Being a capital-intensive business, BOC's profitability hinges on its sustained investment in technology to develop new products and services across all businesses and novel uses for existing products, as well as to design efficient methods for manufacturing industrial gases such that economies of scale could be achieved (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Group Profile, 16; Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Risk Factors, 39). For example, for its PGS business segment, better plant reliability has led to a 16 per cent improvement in total revenue and an 11 per cent increase in total adjusted operating profit for the first half of 2006 (BOC Interim Report 2006, 2). Other than plant reliability, investment in new production facilities will also affect the profitability of PGS as such investments are critical in securing long-term supply contracts (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Group Profile, 18). For the ISP business, BOC is planning the construction of a helium production plant in Au stralia. When completed, it will be only one of its kind in Australia (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Group Profile, 20). This monopoly of the Australia market should be beneficial to profits. Furthermore, state-of-the-art technology to efficiently use power has delivered tremendous savings (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Social, Environmental and Ethical Performance, 31). Technology can also be viewed from the perspective of its customers. Technological developments in industries where customers operate can increase the profitability of BOC. For example, success with major flat panel fabs in Korea has led to a soar in materials consumption and equipment demands, which brings about the strong vacuum equipment market share (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Research, Development and Information Technology, 36; Merrill Lynch Chemicals Conference, 12). On the economic front, energy costs are particularly influential on profits, especially for PGS (BOC Interim Report 2006, 2) and ISP (BOC Interim Report 2006, 2). Domestic revenue depends on the manufacturing economy and pension costs (BOC Interim Report 2006, 2), while revenue and profit in the US and Canada hinges on demand from the oil and gas sector in the western region (BOC Interim Report 2006, 2). Exchange rate movements are also particularly influential on profitability (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Operating Review, 40; BOC Interim Report 2006, 3) since BOC operates worldwide such as the UK, US, Europe, China, Asia, Australia, and Africa (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Group Profile, 18; BOC Interim Report 2006, 2-3). Lastly, BOC is affected by the semiconductor business cycle as manufacturers in the semiconductor industry form the bulk of BOC Edwards' customer base, and BOC Edwards' profitability is directly influenced by the demand of these manufacturers for vacuum e quipment, services and industrial gases (Annual Report and Accounts 2005: Risk Factors, 38) There are many factors in the legal environment that are particularly influential on BOC's profitability. These factors include compliance with accounting, safety, health and environmental regulations and laws. They are discussed in the